I Am Working As A Family Health Nurse And Counseling A...

When caring for families who need genetic counseling, it’s essential that the nurse understands and considers the family’s values, background, beliefs and behaviors. This information is valuable when setting mutual goals, developing care plans and choosing interventions (Andrews and Boyle, 2016). In this post I will imagine that I am working as a family health nurse and counseling a married couple who are seeking my advice because they are both carriers for Huntington’s disease. As a nurse it’s my responsibility to not let personal feelings or values influence the counseling that I provide to families. When working with this couple, it’s important to understand what they hope to gain from the appointment, so I would start by asking what their goals are for the visit. I would also present an overview the services that we offer such as assessment for genetic risks, genetic testing, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation and evaluation. The implementation phase may include coordination of care, teaching and health promotion, consultation, treatment and counseling (American Nurses Association, 2011). If they are interested in moving forward, I would gather data to create a family pedigree. A family pedigree is an assessment tool that documents genetic risk information to identify family members at risk for genetic disorders. The pedigree usually includes three generations of family members, and the results are used to develop recommendations forShow MoreRelated02/08: Palliative Care, 8Am-6Pm (Due To Seeing A Lot Of1872 Words   |  8 Pages02/08: palli ative care, 8am-6pm (due to seeing a lot of patients) Pre-clinical Preparation: I prepared for clinical this week by starting to work on my midterm self-evaluation; this allowed for me to go through the objectives I haven’t meet yet, and plan to meet some of them for the clinical day. I also made a plan for completing part D and E this week in clinical. 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Rumors, Deception and Philosophical Essay Topics

Rumors, Deception and Philosophical Essay Topics The Fight Against Philosophical Essay Topics The cost of an essay depends upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. The reader ought to be impressed by the manner in which you defend your ideas. The writer has to have all knowledge linked to the idea. He must keep in mind the targeted audience of his paper and use language accordingly. Top Philosophical Essay Topics Secrets Your main objective must be to take a particular point and establish it using logical justifications in order for your readers agree with this. This essay topics will talk about the philosophical aspects of several diverse religions, and topics that compare the similarities between the philosophies of unique religions. You should back up your viewpoint with well-researched facts and data also. LeFevre's humorous endorsement wasn't shared by most of libertarians. You can't receive the best essay result from only a number of the very important c omponents. Our main purpose is to be certain that we address all of your essay writing needs. The structure permits the writer to set the order where the terms ought to be discussed. Another procedure that ought to be observed during the finalization of the essay is to ensure that the appropriate language was used. The variety of paragraphs depends on the duration of the essay. So far as essay structure goes, a 4 or 5 paragraph essay based on the number of points you are going to want to argue is a great start. Write down the definitions that are explicit. Whatever They Told You About Philosophical Essay Topics Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. There are lots of resources you may explore to secure more info about philosophy essay topics ethics. Philosophical questions haven't any set answers. At times you might require some expert help with argumentative essay topics. Grammatical mistakes can produce the essay unreadable and decrease the strength of the arguments being made. The subject of choice is going to be expected to withstanding academic inquiry. Among the most well-known topics refers to the industry of healthcare and medicine. The 5-Minute Rule for Philosophical Essay Topics You have to know wha t's a Philosophy essay before you begin to write. It may be hard to oppose famous philosophers. With philosophy being among the oldest sciences in the Earth, dating back to the ancient Greece, there's certain to be a good deal of subject material for you to use. While it isn't feasible to find a person to write you a paper free of charge, it's possible to acquire the philosophy of religion essay topics written for you cheaply. Higher education or college is likewise an important component in the philosophy of American schooling. You might want to know that psychology demands philosophy. Your very first activity in answering philosophy topics are to generate suggestions for your paper. When you must purchase essays, it's prudent to choose a custom writing service with a reputation for reliability. There are several different kinds of philosophical questions. Just make certain that you get information you have to have in writing so you are not going to have much a tough time getting started. Philosophical Essay Topics - Overview In order to make a great philosophy paper, it's first essential to consider very carefully and clearly about your topic. By way of example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the oppos ing standpoint. If you're assigned philosophy paper writing for the very first time, you can face some difficulties. Before you commence writing your research paper, make sure that you've got a very clear idea about what you are going to be discussing. Philosophy essay samples can help you to overcome difficulties and to compose a paper of top quality. The introduction lays the groundwork for the remaining part of the paper. So as to compose a brilliant academic paper in philosophy, you should earn a deep research and plunge into this issue.

Methodological Issues in Psychotherapy System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Methodological Issues in Psychotherapy System. Answer: Introduction: Both psychotherapy and counseling are professional therapeutic activities, which utilizes the interpersonal relationship between a therapist and the client to help the client to develop self-understanding, which leads them to make changes in their lives. The most seen issues, which a psychotherapist or a counselor faces in his or her practice, are the dilemma over many issues. One of the important dilemma the psychotherapists faces is the dilemma over showing responsiveness and recursiveness to the clients. Another major issue the psychotherapists face while treating the youth is the application of many methodologies as most of the youth tries to resent the therapy. To study the effectiveness of the methodologies the psychotherapists follow, the researchers always depends on the process studies and outcome studies (Anker, Duncan, Sparks, 2009). Process research can be stated as the interactive study between patients and the therapists. Outcome research depends on the outcome of any health structure, which is needed for the well-being of the population. The purpose of the article is to explore these mentioned dilemmas the psychotherapists faces in practice (Markowitz, Lipsitz, Milrod, 2014). The article would also explore some evidence based outcome studies on these mentioned methodological issues. The article will explore the outcome result of the relevant studies which states about the methodological dilemmas the psychotherapists faces in their life. The psychotherapic treatment is considered as hazardous as the psychiatrists always face the burden of keeping substantial relationship with the clients. The relationship between the psychiatrist and the clients has a thin border. There are many complex ethical questions the that the therapists encounter during their practice. Many of these dilemmas are contextual, complex and dynamic. Some of the ethical dilemmas, which are most frequently cited, are related to the professionalism and therapeutic boundaries (Stiles, 2009). To resolve these ethical dilemmas, the psychiatrists and the counselors uses the medical ethics as the medical ethics addresses many ethical dilemmas, which is better, expressed in a method. There are another important dilemma which can be seen in the psychiatrists is their obligation towards the clients Overview of outcome research: The article would help the readers to identify the importance of solving the methodological dilemma faced by the therapists. The article would also address the current problem of the youth psychotherapy. The experiment logic and the usage of Randomized control trial over the psychotherapy research are beyond confounding due to the presence of many non-independent contributing factors. However, some of the factors such as treatment, therapist, and clients depend on each other. There are many issues and dilemmas over the methodologies; a psychotherapist faces over his or her career. The counselors face many issues over the methodologies. Such as, the counselors and psychotherapists have to maintain a strict treatment frame (Borkovec, Ruscio, 2001). If the treatment frame is weak, the line between professionalism and personalization is breached. A counselor might feel strong emotion regarding the condition of a client, but the counselor has to maintain the treatment frame. Sometimes the therapist tries to apply another approach instead of the usual approach while treating the client. The methodological difference of these two approaches might bring some dilemma over the mind of the therapist (Luty et al., 2007). Another important issue, a psychiatrist faces when the abused client falls in love with the therapist even if the therapist is maintaining a completely different relationship with them. As the abused clients faces difficulty with intimacy, they easi ly fall in love with the therapist due to their new experience of having someone who actually listens to their problems (Cuiipers et al., 2011). One of the key issues this article is going to discuss is responsiveness. The competency of a therapist depends on his responsiveness regarding the information the client gives. The responsiveness from the side of the client makes the outcome of the therapy more positive. The feedback of the client for the study is also a part of being responsive (Etherington, 2009). One study was done on responsiveness of the couples who has attended couple therapy session. The study over the responsiveness of the couples has done a randomized control research. The psychotherapists face some issues while providing therapy to the patients with anxiety disorder. The psychotherapists mostly treat the clients with generalized anxiety disorders with CBT (Cognitive behavioral therapy). As the patients with anxiety deals with the negative thoughts, they try to reject the therapists idea about preventing the anxiety producing thoughts. The therapists are now trying to treat the patients with Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT). The therapy is successful while treating patients with mood disorder and eating disorder. Few therapists have been using this method as a test methodology while treating patients with anxiety disorder. This mentioned issue is going to be discussed in this article (Barker, Vossler, Langdridge, 2010). Methodological issues in outcome research: Issue 1: One of the issues, which are going to be explored in this article, is the issue over responsiveness the psychotherapists faces. Being responsive is human nature as the people are always responsive to each other. Both the therapist and the client are responsive over each other for a period. To give an example, a therapist is being responsive when he or she is prescribing the client or treating the client based on the issues the client has. A client also behaves responsively to the therapist over some issues, such as, when the client is giving feedback to the therapist (Cooper, McLeod, 2010). As the psychotherapists are trained to be responsive towards the indication of improvement or corrosion from the behavior of the client. This implies that, the feedback of the client in necessary for the psychotherapists to be responsive. This helps them to get relevant information about the outcome measures . This depends on the client patient alliance. The therapist may feel ethical di lemma as a client may not be responsive to the treatment prescribed by the therapist and the therapist might face ethical dilemma over changing the therapy procedure as the patient might resent it as well (Palmer, 2007). To study the outcome result, a essay named Using Client Feedback to Improve Couple Therapy Outcomes: A randomized Clinical Trial in a Naturalistic Setting were chosen (Anker, Duncan, Sparks, 2009). Study design: The study about responsiveness was done on 453 couples who went to couples therapy in a community based outpatient settings. The groups were randomized into two groups (Feedback group and Treatment as usual group) before the therapists were assigned to these couples. After the session, the clients of the feedback group were invited to give feedback about improving the process of the therapy. Limitation of the study: The therapists used just one outcome measure in the analysis. Other than that, the instruments used by the patients were brief. It limited the understanding of the given feedback by the patients. If the clients and the therapists had alliance that is more extensive then the assessments would have given better result. Intentionally, the study is more pragmatic and replicates the happenings of the clinical practice. The therapists were told to be their own control. There were no special allegiance between the therapists serving in TAU group and feedback group. Result of the study: The study was done to determine the effect of giving feedback over couples therapy in comparison with a TAU group ( Treatment as Usual) in a natural condition of a community clinic. The result is the study was in consistency with the hypothesis as the result of the feedback group were emerged as superior from the results of the TAU group. In the end, it was seen that the post treatment average score of the couples in the feedback group (26.35) were five points greater than the score of the TAU group (21.69). In the above study, the research used patient focus research paradigm to overcome outcome challenges related to irresponsiveness of client during psychotherapy. The advantage of this strategy was that it enhanced outcome by taking continuous progress feedback from clients and results was evident by improvement in outcome of patient in feedback group compared to treatment as usual group. It helped in systematic evaluation of clients response to treatment and helped to address issues of dropout in research too. The effect of regular feedback of client was also consistent with other research. However, there are many areas in the responsiveness issues of psychotherapy, which remained unexplored. As there might be diverse type of clients coming with different types of risk during psychotherapy, the consideration for future will be to tailor feedback process so that people with communication difficulties can also participate actively in such session. The methodology of Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is efficient in treating both mood disorder and eating disorder. CBT or cognitive behavioral therapy is known as the best therapy method for the patients with anxiety disorder. IPT is an attachment-focused psychotherapy, which resolves the interpersonal problems. The approach is known for the symptomatic recovery of the patients. IPT is highly structured approach and ends within a definite period (Feltham, Hanley, Winter, 2017). As IPT is a structured framework, some therapists use it treat the patients suffering from anxiety. Using IPT for treating anxiety disorder is a methodological issue as it is still untested as a method for treating anxiety. For this issue, a paper named Critical Review of Outcome research on Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Anxiety Disorders is chosen. As there is lack of the evidence-based study, the chosen article reviews the effect of IPT on social phobia, panic disorder, PTSD and from these evidences, t he possible effect of IPT on anxiety disorder is discussed (Markowitz, Lipsitz, Milrod, 2014). Rationale: There are two reason of choosing IPT as a method to treat the patients with anxiety. The first reason is, anxiety disorders have some interpersonal features and shares this characteristic with panic disorder, PTSD and social phobia as all of these disorders have interpersonal features. The second reason is the time limitation of IPT, which requires the therapist to complete the therapy within 12-16 weeks. Study designs: The paper searched many literature using Pubmed and Scholarly, and selected 11 studies, 4 of which on social phobia, six for open trials, two studies on panic disorder and 5 for PTSD. Social phobia and Social Anxiety disorder: In the first set of studies, 14 week of IPT was conducted for 9 patients who have social phobia and anxiety. Another study was conducted with providing 14 weeks IPT and psychodynamic therapy to 70 patients with social anxiety disorder in two different randomized groups. The results were compared. Another study in Norway compared 10 weeks of group IPT with Group CBT in a specialized way as 80 patients were treated in a residential setting. There were two studies where 106 medication free patients were randomized for 16 session of CBT or IPT for DSM-IV and Social Anxiety Disorder. In this study, all of the therapists had background with CBT but one of the therapists was specialized in IPT. Results- In the first set of studies, 7 out of 9 patients were reported as improved. They were rated by the Clinical Global Improvement scale (CGI). The patients who were reported improvement were tasted on Liebowitaz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) and were reported 78% improved. In the second set of study, the patients of both of the group have significantly improved. The LSAS score was just a little bit better in IPT than psychodynamic therapy. In the third set of study which was conducted in Norway, where all of the patients were also given medication along with the therapy in two groups, one receiving CBT and another was receiving IPT. Both of these groups showed significant improvement on the Anxiety Disorder Interview schedule. There was no significant difference between both groups (Ponterotto, Kuriakose, Granovskaya, 2008). In the last study, the German trial, which randomized 106 patients without medication, has showed a distinct result. The group treated with IPT showed less improvements. 66% of the patients of CBT showed improvement, whereas 32% of the patients receiving IPT were moderately improved (Riessman, Speedy, 2007). There was a study in Australia, who treated 13 patients who battled PTSD for 1 year. They were given group IPT and nine of them were given medications. Some of the symptoms associated with CBT were improved (Kazdin, 2008). However, there were no overall improvements. Similar results were found on different studies as well. Result- There were many studies on the effect of IPT on PTSD. The results showed improvement on the symptoms of PTSD such as social personality disorders and many more. However, the overall improvement of PTSD remained unclear (Fava et al., 2008). These results show that IPT lowered anxiety symptoms and was well tolerated by all the patients. IPT definitely showed promise as an intervention for treating anxiety disorder. The above article recognized the methodological issue of conducting psychotherapy in patients with anxiety and employed the technique of interpersonal psychotherapy to overcome the issue. The use of this approach is effective because it specifically targets people with mood disorders and focuses on useful meaning of emotions to develop therapeutic relationship with client during the therapy. Review of different research using IPT for patients with PTSD and panic disorder showed that IPT reduced anxiety symptoms and promotes getting better outcomes for patient. Another advantage of IPT is that it overcomes the limitation of CBT and focus on feelings in interpersonal situation instead of cognition to understand signals of client during interpersonal encounter sessions in therapy (Dag et al., 2015). However, some disadvantage found in the research study was that mediating factors influencing IPTs effect and adaptation rate was not properly explained by the researcher. Hence, as IPT may not work for different patient subsamples, there is a need to consider specific process for adaptation of IPT to yield greater efficacy in research outcome. Conclusion: As the treatment of psychotherapy is a holistic approach, the therapists are bound to have many issues while treating the patients with different problems. Many issues they face are ethical and many of the issues are methodological. The article is concerned with the outcome result of two such methodological issues. The first issue, which has been discussed, is responsiveness, which is necessary for the therapist to make a positive outcome for the patients. Responsiveness from the patients comes through their feedbacks of the therapy. One study named Using Client Feedback to Improve Couple Therapy Outcomes: A randomized Clinical Trial in a Naturalistic Setting was chosen for the outcome study. From this study, it can be concluded that responsiveness is necessary for the revised treatment of the patients. The second issue was the usage of IPT methodology instead of CBT for the patients who have anxiety disorder. The study, which was chosen for the outcome result, is Critical Review of Outcome research on Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Anxiety Disorders. The result showed that the patients could be treated to an extent with IPT methodology instead of CBT. From this above discussion, it can be concluded that there is scope for the IPT methodology to improve as it can be successfully used as an intervention method to treat the patients with anxiety. Further researches are needed in this area. From the first case study, it can be concluded that to battle the dilemma, the psychotherapists should take feedback from the clients, as responsiveness is the only way to give the patients with proper treatment. References: Anker, M. G., Duncan, B. L., Sparks, J. A. (2009). Using client feedback to improve couple therapy outcomes: A randomized clinical trial in a naturalistic setting.Journal of consulting and clinical psychology,77(4), 693. Barker, M., Vossler, A., Langdridge, D. (2010).Understanding counselling and psychotherapy. Sage. Borkovec, T. D., Ruscio, A. M. (2001). Psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder.The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. Cooper, M., McLeod, J. (2010).Pluralistic counselling and psychotherapy. Sage. Cuijpers, P., Geraedts, A. S., van Oppen, P., Andersson, G., Markowitz, J. C., van Straten, A. (2011). Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression: a meta-analysis.American Journal of Psychiatry,168(6), 581-592. Dag, J., Asplund, R. P., Bsenko, H. A., Hjerling, S., Holmberg, A., Westh, S., ... Andersson, G. (2014). Cognitive behavior therapy versus interpersonal psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder delivered via smartphone and computer: A randomized controlled trial.Journal of anxiety disorders,28(4), 410-417. Etherington, K. (2009). Life story research: A relevant methodology for counsellors and psychotherapists.Counselling and Psychotherapy Research,9(4), 225-233. Feltham, C., Hanley, T., Winter, L. A. (Eds.). (2017).The SAGE handbook of counselling and psychotherapy. Sage. Luty, S. E., Carter, J. D., McKENZIE, J. M., Rae, A. M., Frampton, C. M., Mulder, R. T., Joyce, P. R. (2007). Randomised controlled trial of interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitivebehavioural therapy for depression.The British Journal of Psychiatry,190(6), 496-502. Markowitz, J. C., Lipsitz, J., Milrod, B. L. (2014). Critical review of outcome research on interpersonal psychotherapy for anxiety disorders.Depression and anxiety,31(4), 316-325. Palmer, S. (2007). PRACTICE: A model suitable for coaching, counselling, psychotherapy and stress management.The Coaching Psychologist,3(2), 71-77. Stiles, W. B. (2009). Responsiveness as an obstacle for psychotherapy outcome research: It's worse than you think.Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,16(1), 86-91. Ponterotto, J. G., Kuriakose, G., Granovskaya, Y. (2008). Counselling and psychotherapy.The Sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology, 455-471. Riessman, C. K., Speedy, J. (2007). Narrative inquiry in the psychotherapy professions.Handbook of narrative inquiry: Mapping a methodology,426456. Fava, M., Rush, A. J., Alpert, J. E., Balasubramani, G. K., Wisniewski, S. R., Carmin, C. N., ... Warden, D. (2008). Difference in treatment outcome in outpatients with anxious versus nonanxious depression: a STAR* D report.American Journal of Psychiatry,165(3), 342-351. Kazdin, A. E. (2008). Evidence-based treatment and practice: new opportunities to bridge clinical research and practice, enhance the knowledge base, and improve patient care.American psychologist,63(3), 146.

My Reaction To The Character Of Mrs. Mallard Essays -

My Reaction To The Character Of Mrs. Mallard In ?The Story of an Hour,? Kate Chopin describes to her readers a young woman's response to her husband's death, or at least his presumed death. The opinions readers will draw from this story will vary from person to person due to personal experiences. The experience and wisdom that I have gained through the trails and tribulations of my life help me to understand, relate, and even despise Mrs. Mallard's character. On one hand, I feel pity for Mrs. Mallard. I think she felt trapped in a situation that she found to be inescapable. She felt lonely, restless, and did not know how to help herself. Yet, on the other hand, I do not feel sorry for her character. Almost immediately after finding out that her husband is dead, she rejoices at her newfound freedom. I think that her actions portray in her a selfish and cowardly nature. The story takes place in the late nineteenth century, a time when women had very limited rights. Mrs. Mallard, a young woman who has a bad heart, plays the main character in this story. She receives news that her husband has been killed in a railroad accident. Mrs. Mallard is shocked and bewildered by the death of her husband. However, the feeling of bewilderment is only a temporary feeling that quickly leads to an overwhelming sense of freedom. A freedom she has desperately longed for. Yet, shortly after receiving the news of her husbands death there is a knock at the door. Upon opening the door, she discovers that her husband is not dead, for he is standing in the doorway alive and well. Mr. Mallard's appearance causes his wife to die. ?[T]he doctors ? said she [has] died of heart disease ? of joy that kills? (12). However, I believe that she dies because she realizes that she will never be free. In addition, I believe this fact disappoints her to the point where she seems to feel that life is not worth living without freedom. I think Mrs. Mallard felt trapped in her marriage, a marriage where communication no longer existed. I believe this caused her to feel very alone and restless in her marriage. In the late nineteenth century, women basically had little or no rights. It was thought that women's sole purpose in society was to marry, have children, and to care for their family and household. Women of this era were not allowed to satisfy their own wants and desires. Therefore, we can assume that Mrs. Mallard got married at a young age. This fact, along with the crumbling of her marriage caused her to feel lost in a world where she knew not even herself. The fact that she was unable to experience life for herself resulted in her yearning desire for independence. These explanations contributed to Mrs. Mallard's overwhelming enjoyment of her newfound freedom. I know how it is to feel trapped in a relationship that is going bad. One feels there is no reasonable way out; this can cause a person to become lonely and impatient for independence. The fact that I have experienced a similar situation enables me to relate to the character of Mrs. Mallard and can justify the feelings of sympathy and compassion I have towards her. In addition, I know how exciting it is to be able to experience life, adventures, and independence. In this way, I understand Mrs. Mallard's irrepressible feeling of joy at her newfound liberation. On the other hand, I feel that the instant happiness that Mrs. Mallard finds in her husband's death is disturbing. This instant joy portrays the character of Mrs. Mallard as insensitive, selfish, and cowardly. The fact that Mrs. Mallard spent no more than a few moments mourning the presumed death of her husband depicts her character as heartless. She almost instantly converts her train of thought from mourning the death of her husband to rejoicing in her new life and newfound freedom. This conversion of thought shows the selfish aspect of her character. The fact Mrs. Mallard did not try to work out her problems with her husband exposes the cowardly side of her character. Instead, she

3 Sentences That Lack Just One Word to Be Correct

3 Sentences That Lack Just One Word to Be Correct 3 Sentences That Lack Just One Word to Be Correct 3 Sentences That Lack Just One Word to Be Correct By Mark Nichol The solution to problems of parallel structure, in which a sentence’s syntactical elements are not quite balanced, is often simply a matter of inserting one missing word. That’s the case in the following examples, each of which is followed by a discussion and a revision. 1. The industry uses decades-old technology that is very expensive, very slow, and provides no tracking capabilities. Because as the sentence is written, the verb is cannot apply to all three characteristics listed after it, one of two one-word changes must be made. The first solution is to share the verb between â€Å"very expensive† and â€Å"very slow†: â€Å"The industry uses decades-old technology that is very expensive and very slow and provides no tracking capabilities.† The alternative is to insert a second is into the middle phrase in the list: â€Å"The industry uses decades-old technology that is very expensive, is very slow, and provides no tracking capabilities.† 2. The diversity of participants and energy evident at the event underscores the massive disruption that’s taking place in this business sector. This sentence reads as if it refers to the diversity of two things- participants and energy. But the diversity refers only to the participants, so energy needs its own preceding article to set it apart from that idea: â€Å"The diversity of participants and the energy evident at the event underscores the massive disruption that’s taking place in this business sector.† 3. Formally assess the risks associated with each third-party lending relationships when initiating the relationship, when the third party’s operations change significantly, or the institution’s own lending operations change over time. The three elements in the second half of this message must match syntactically, but only the first two include when, so another reiteration should occur: â€Å"Formally assess the risks associated with each third-party lending relationships when initiating the relationship, when the third party’s operations change significantly, or when the institution’s own lending operations change over time.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†8 Writing Tips for BeginnersPersonification vs. Anthropomorphism

Womens Anti-Pass Law Campaigns in South Africa

Women's Anti-Pass Law Campaigns in South Africa The first attempt to make black women in South Africa carry passes was in 1913 when the Orange Free State introduced a new requirement that women, in addition to existing regulations for black men, must carry reference documents. The resulting protest, by a multi-racial group of women, many of whom were professionals (a large number of teachers, for example) took the form of passive resistance - a refusal to carry the new passes. Many of these women were supporters of the recently formed South African Native National Congress (which became the African National Congress in 1923, although women were not allowed to become full members until 1943). The protest against passes spread through the Orange Free State, to the extent that when World War I broke out, the authorities agreed to relax the rule. At the end of World War I, the authorities in the Orange Free State tried to re-instate the requirement, and again opposition built up. The Bantu Womens League (which became the ANC Womans League in 1948 - a few years after membership of the ANC was opened to women), organized by its first president Charlotte Maxeke, coordinated further passive resistance during late 1918 and early 1919. By 1922 they had achieved success - the South African government agreed that women should not be obliged to carry passes. However, the government still managed to introduce legislation which curtailed the rights of women and the Native (Black) Urban Areas Act No 21 of 1923 extended the existing pass system such that the only black women allowed to live in urban areas were domestic workers. In 1930 local municipal attempts in Potchefstroom to regulate womens movement led to further resistance - this was the same year that white women obtained voting rights in South Africa. White women now had a public face and a political voice, of which activists such as Helen Joseph and Helen Suzman took full advantage. Introduction of Passes for All Blacks With the Blacks (Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents) Act No 67 of 1952 the South African government amended the pass laws, requiring all black persons over the age of 16 in all provinces to carry a reference book at all times - thereby inforcing influx control of blacks from the homelands. The new reference book, which would now have to be carried by women, required an employers signature to be renewed each month, authorization to be within particular areas, and certification of tax payments. During the 1950s women within the Congress Alliance came together to combat the inherent sexism that existed within various anti-Aparthied groups, such as the ANC. Lilian Ngoyi (a trade unionist and political activist), Helen Joseph, Albertina Sisulu, Sophia Williams-De Bruyn, and others formed the Federation of South African Women. The prime focus of the FSAW soon changed, and in 1956, with the cooperation of the ANCs Womens League, they organized a mass demonstration against the new pass laws. Womens Anti-Pass March on the Union Buildings, Pretoria On 9 August 1956 over 20,000 women, of all races, marched through the streets of Pretoria to the Union Buildings to hand over a petition to JG Strijdom, South Africas prime minister, over the introduction of the new pass laws and the Group Areas Act No 41 of 1950. This act enforced different residential areas for different races and led to forced removals of people living in wrong areas. Strijdom had arranged to be elsewhere, and the petition was eventually accepted by his Secretary. During the march the women sang a freedom song: Wathint abafazi, Strijdom! wathint abafazi,wathint imbokodo,uza kufa! [When] you strike the women,you strike a rock,you will be crushed [you will die]! Although the 1950s proved to be the height of passive resistance against Apartheid in South Africa, it was largely ignored by the Apartheid government. Further protests against passes (for both men and women) culminated in the Sharpeville Massacre. Pass laws were finally repealed in 1986. The phrase wathint abafazi, wathint imbokodo has come to represent womens courage and strength in South Africa.

Ryan Consulting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7750 words

Ryan Consulting - Essay Example Ryan Consulting target clients include architectural firms, quantity surveyors, engineering contractors, non-domestic building owners, and individual customers. Target markets span a variety of sectors including education, healthcare, commercial, industrial, retail, and residential. Contracts and business opportunities are therefore sought from organizations that fall under these domains. Contracts are served on an independent basis or through strategic alliances (such as in the case of Kerrigan Sheanon Newman, Charted Quantity Surveyors (letters of intent provided) as well as other engineering groups. These arrangements provide flexibility to the business in successfully securing and completing projects with varying requirement and constraints. By using extensive contacts and joint ventures with other consulting firms, Ryan Consulting is in a position to attract more business and expand into additional markets. Ryan Consulting has the primary advantage of the extensive knowledge of the local market. Despite the existence of good opportunities and a potential for long-term growth, the building services, and energy conservation market continues to face shortfalls in the Midlands region. There are over 32 engineering consultancies registered with the Association of Consulting Engineers Ireland (ACEI) that specialize in mechanical and electrical building services. Only five among them have operations in the outskirts of Dublin and Cork and are based in Galway (2), Limerick (2) and Mayo (1). However, none have an office in the Midland region.

News analysis and Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

News analysis and Advertising - Essay Example Nonetheless, the most significant question to be asked is: what brand of truth and in what form and hue does today's television news tell Obviously, 20th century news on television either blow up and amplify or curb and restrict what is being presented on the air. Most often, it leaves out too much of what should have been dished out. Many of the subject matters on TV news today are worthless to the viewer simply because they focus on incidents that affect only a small sector of the audience (e.g. police-blotter accidents or petty crimes.) Are these events really so important to most people Most probably they're not. However, they get so much attention and focus and are allotted so much air time. But how can that be if they offer no real meaning to most people Yes, the conflict between Lebanon and Israel has in seconds (after its initial broadcast) become a global event but does it really have a direct effect on the poverty-stricken citizens of Haiti or Bangladesh Years back, the affair and eventually the "painful death" of Princess Diana and her supposed lover occupied the airwaves to no end, but how do these occurrences concern the war-torn Iraq or the destitute children of Somalia Evidently, these efforts denote a crack at putting in entertainment to an otherwise boring broadcast. These stories on the news are encouraged by the mounting pressure of the trash news programs which are extremely damaging to the sense of worth of the viewing public and the nation as a whole. Ratings are all that matters now. As a rejoinder to this kind of programming, John J. O'Connor of the New York Times broached a compelling question, "What kind of people do we want to be Are we a society that is driven to topics appealing to our pocketbooks and/or curiosity about celebrities" Most of what is being seen and heard on TV is fantasy and entertainment. As a consequence, the power of television journalism leaves its viewers with imprecise notions and feelings which often devastate its function to inform. Yes, the news of today still answers the basic questions of what makes NEWS. The who, what, when, why and how's still there, however, supplementary to these functions, the need to entertain has been added. Unfortunately, it has become the most important. Advertising Selected commercials - VISA MasterCard (Pierce Brosnan/Catherine Zeta-Jones); Channel (Nicole Kidman); Nike (Michael Jordan); Close-Up (unknown) !) Which commercials seem to be the most effective Least effective For the commercials selected, the use of celebrity endorsement as a strategy is quite effective. These advertisements can surely achieve "recall" from their viewers simply because they are using named stars which appeal to most people. In the case of Channel, at first glance, it looks ineffective in the sense that it looks "too rich," and the not-so-rich citizens may not easily identify with it (obviously, it is a product that may not be a household name for the masses) but the employment of someone possessing classic beauty like Nicole Kidman and the way the whole campaign has been packaged and presented can still appeal to

Blue Front Essay Example for Free

Blue Front Essay Martha Collins, the author of Blue Front lived in Cairo, Illinois. Blue Front is the fifth volume of poems that she has written. Blue Front relays the eye witnessing of his father when he was five years old and used to sell fruit in the front of Blue Front Restaurant in 1909. One day when he was working, he was attracted towards the crowd where a black man was being lynched. That Black man was accused of raping and strangling of a White woman by a mob of Whites. Later, when the Black man was still alive, he was dragged and shot and then buried. His body parts were cut as souvenirs. In the same event due to escalation a White man was also then hanged who was also accused of raping. This whole situation portrays the racing factors that were present in America at that. At one place she writes one verse in Blue Front (2006) as, â€Å"the victim hanged, though not on a tree, this was not the country, they used a steel arch with electric lights, and later a lamppost, this was a modern event, the trees were not involved† Throughout the poem Martha has made the reader to search for the main idea which she has tried to give in the poems. The poems are low in syntax settings and many grammatical mistakes, but still if the reader indulges himself he can get the theme quite easily. Martha has written the poems thinking her in the place of his father and has provided all the information keeping his father as an eye witness. She says that moment was terrifying as a young child. Starting to look at the racism is its peak was quite heavy for him to swallow. The verse free narration of the poem varies from page to page for its style and rhythm which sometime make abrupt changes in the mood of the poem. All the verses clearly state the hatred of the mob that was taking part in the lynching of the Black person. She tries to perceive the mentality of the mob, but she just thinks that those people didn’t want to know anything until the person they are lynching is a Black. She feels for the Blacks of that time when the racism was active in Southern parts of Illinois and in all other parts of the country. White people used to lynch the Blacks for small accusations. The lynching was made a custom at that time and Whites used to bring their children as well to teach them the ways of lynching and how they should treat Blacks. Martha also states in her poem that how she feels to be a part of this White nation who has a history of being racist and is still continuing to be so. Even her father after that incident was very careful in his dealings with the Blacks and stayed away from them all his life and went to settle at the places where the whole community is White. Martha feels sorry for herself on this treatment of human kind. She however, don’t lose hope and in the end she gives a message that the life can be made better if we all work collectively. She says that everyone has the right to live freely and no one should object this. She knows that America is still experiencing racism in various parts where the Blacks still don’t have the right to live free. It is our responsibility to make world better place for living. We should abolish this from the face of earth to make it a better place for living. Works Cited Collins, Martha. Blue Front: Poems. New York: Graywolf Press, 2006.

Philippine Attacks :: essays research papers

ZAMBOANGA, Philippines (AP) - Philippine forces launched attacks on three southern islands in an effort to wipe out the guerrillas who held a U.S. couple hostage for more than a year, military officers said Sunday. The assaults, which started Saturday after one of the Americans and a Philippine captive died in a rescue attempt, are aimed at the top three commanders of the Islamic militant group Abu Sayyaf, said Philippine Maj. Gen. Ernesto Carolina. Martin Burnham, 42, and Ediborah Yap, 45, died in a shootout Friday when government troops ambushed their captors in jungles of the main southern Philippine island of Mindanao. Burnham's wife Gracia was shot through the thigh but rescued. "We're now operating with greater ZAMBOANGA, Philippines (AP) - Philippine forces launched attacks on three southern islands in an effort to wipe out the guerrillas who held a U.S. couple hostage for more than a year, military officers said Sunday. The assaults, which started Saturday after one of the Americans and a Philippine captive died in a rescue attempt, are aimed at the top three commanders of the Islamic militant group Abu Sayyaf, said Philippine Maj. Gen. Ernesto Carolina. Martin Burnham, 42, and Ediborah Yap, 45, died in a shootout Friday when government troops ambushed their captors in jungles of the main southern Philippine island of Mindanao. Burnham's wife Gracia was shot through the thigh but rescued. "We're now operating with greater intensity. We will not let them get away with this," said Carolina, head of southern Philippine forces. He said no clashes were reported as of Sunday morning. Carolina said 1,500 and 1,800 soldiers would arrive in the next three days to back troops already hunting the Abu Sayyaf on the islands of Jolo, Basilan and the province of Zamboanga del Norte on Mindanao. "We will have to finish this war because terrorism is a scourge on the Earth," President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo said Sunday. All three mountainous, jungle-covered areas stand in a 60-mile stretch of the Sulu Sea in the southwestern Philippines. It wasn't clear how many troops were already involved in the operations, but thousands of soldiers have been in the area for months - since the military launched its offensive after the Abu Sayyaf seized the Burnhams and several other hostages in May 2001. Carolina said soldiers on Mindanao were hunting Abu Sayyaf leader Abu Sabaya, who fled into dense jungle with about 40 men after the army attacked them during Friday's rescue mission. (AP) Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, right, extends her condolences to the family of slain.

Buyer and Seller Relationship in the retail industry Essay

1. Introduction For many years buyers and sellers in the clothing retail sector have been battling to answer the question as to why it is difficult to build a steady relationship with one another. This can be due to the knowledge gap that there is in a lack of understanding on the issue. We aim to thoroughly associate the concepts of Collaboration, Information Sharing, Joint Relationship Effort, Dedicated Investments, Commitment and Trust, Satisfaction and Performance with the different buyer – seller relationships that exist in the clothing retail sector. Thus the problem being investigated is the unsteady relationship that exists in the clothing retail sector between buyers and sellers. The study will be using a survey consisting of 37 questions that will be issued to buyers in the industry. A sample size of 500 clothing companies will be used in Cape Town, South Africa which was selected to answer the surveys. The research method is quantitative in nature. Thus the study aims to carefully examine how buyers and sellers interact within the supply chain relationship. Some papers have touched on supply chain relationship issues, but have not done the association with these particular concepts our study aims to use. The main objective of our research is to provide buyers and sellers with the necessary information to assist them as to why there are certain imperfections in the relationship. 2. Literature Review Some research has be done on the concepts collaboration, information sharing, joint relationship effort, dedicated investments, commitment and trust, satisfaction and performance, which gave an insight to how these variables develop, change and how they are maintained in the context of buyer-seller relationship. Therefore for the purpose of this study twelve (12) articles written in the context of buyer and seller relationship will be used to define and explain the above mentioned concepts and how it is used throughout our research study. Collaboration Collaboration can be defined as latest development in supply chain management which involves the process of working together with your suppliers, business partners or clientele in achieving a common goal that benefits all parties (McLaren, Head & Yuan, 2002). Ellinger, Daugherty & Keller (2000) observed what exactly links marketing and logistics within a company’s integration, as well as measures of performance that are both objective and subjective in nature. They found and identified collaboration as a variable that impacts a relationship in a progressive way in that it increases sharing information and ideas and leads to partners functioning together. Information sharing McLaren, Head & Yuan (2000) has identified information sharing as the exchange of important company information with your supply chain partner for purposes that would assist each partner in the future. McLaren et al. (2002) discusses how a partnership between the buyer and seller can be beneficial for both parties where information sharing is of key importance. Their findings were that, creating partnerships between buyers and sellers were beneficial for both parties and that the success of information sharing depends on the type and size of the company as well as which mechanism they used for information sharing. Joint relationship effort Joint relationship effort refers to the combined determination and drive that is put into collaboration between buyers and sellers. Monczka, Petersen, Handfield & Ragatz (1998) argued for example that when task organisation is performed between buyers and sellers, the buyer can then form a perceptive trust in their partner’s abilities which will later form a solid trust in their relationship. Dedicated investments Knemeyer, Corsi & Murphy (2003) defined dedicated investments as particular  resources and goods that are transferred to another party that is highly important towards producing services and products. They tried to prove that there are different levels of partnership development in logistics management by research done by previous researchers who have also done research on the existing topic and if there is in fact a difference between these levels. Their findings were that the more trust there is within the relationship, the more partners invest in the relationship which directly increases dedicated investment. Commitment and trust Commitment refers to buyers and sellers engaging themselves and maintaining a working relationship in a way that will benefit both their own organisation and the company they have an association with. Trust refers to the reliance, surety, confidence or ability in a person or thing. In this case, it is having the reliance, surety, confidence or ability in the working relationship of one or more organisations. Mohr and Spekman (1994) was the first to find that trust and commitment are of utmost importance in a buyer – seller relationship, and that these factors lead to the success of the relationship. Satisfaction and Performance Satisfaction can be defined as referred to Mohr & Spekman (1994) as the completion of a task by which the involved party is pleased with the quality and degree of work carried out and it meets the standard set by the partners. Performance on the other hand can be defined as the completion of a task by a degree higher than specifications set out by the individual involved. Mohr & Spekman (1994) argued that the buyer-seller relationship is a partnership which generates satisfaction when performance expectations have been achieved. A study had been conducted and showed that commitment and co-ordination are positively associated with satisfaction and an increase in profits would bring about satisfaction among those parties involved in the supply chain 3. Research Hypotheses The hypotheses are constructed with a purpose of assisting in answering the research question, which is seeks to find The Nature of Buyer-Seller Relationships in the Retail Sector. Based on the review of the relevant literature, our hypotheses are based on some of the important variables that exist in the supply chain relationships. The relationship variables focused on are: commitment and trust, performance, satisfaction, joint relationship effort and collaboration, and will be shown using the relevant hypotheses. These relationships form the basis of the research propositions that will be tested in the duration of this study. H1: Commitment and trust has a positive impact on collaboration. Since committed partners make an effort to achieve the goals of their business relationship, high levels of commitment are most likely to produce a good collaborated relationship. H2: Performance has a positive impact on collaboration. The strength of collaboration in a supply chain relationship depends on the power of the chain performance: short-term (performance within one year), medium-term (performance over one to three years) and long-term (performance over two to five years). H3: Satisfaction has a positive impact on collaboration. The extent to which the buyers and sellers in the supply chain relationship are satisfied, determines the strength of their relationship. Thus, when both parties are satisfied with the collaboration, their relationship will produce good results. H4: Joint relationship effort has a positive impact on collaboration. By engaging in a joint relationship effort that involves sharing resources and capabilities, buyers and sellers can achieve a profitable collaboration that they cannot create alone. 4. Research Methodology An exploratory-descriptive study was conducted to write this research report. The context selected for this study focused on the clothing retail sector. The unit of analysis in this study was the nature of buyer and seller relationship in the clothing retail sector. We focused on the buyer’s perceptions of the relationship as we were unable to collect data from both buyer and seller. Even though having data collected from both parties would have been more beneficial, time and finances were a constraint and had to be taken into consideration; therefore it resulted in focusing on one side of the relationship. Internet searches of various clothing companies were compiled. Each company was contacted by telephone so that we would be able to speak directly to a clothing buyer. They were notified beforehand as to the purpose of this study and that their participation would be fundamental in completing this research report. The clothing buyer had the choice as to receiving the questionnaire via email or an interview. Most questionnaires were sent via email as buyers had other commitments as well and preferred this form of communication. A sum of 500 questionnaires was sent to various companies within the clothing retail sector, of which, only 106 (response rate of 21%) responses were received that was used for analysis. This response rate was lower than we had anticipated but we had to work with the data provided and continue the process as it was a busy period for most buyers at that time. The surveys were coded and then uploaded on a spreadsheet as it was simpler to analyse the data and descriptive statistics had been implemented to construct the necessary graphs that would conclude the findings. The following chart was designed to illustrate the response rate of the survey. Figure 1: Percentage of Responses Coded 5. Data analysis and Findings In this section of the report there will be a detailed discussion on the data collected in the survey as well as a representation of the findings. There will be a detailed analysis of the hypothesis tested and also an explanation of how the findings were derived. To complete the report 500 surveys were distributed to companies across South Africa. Only 106 of the companies responded but there were a number of biases. With regards to the nature of the relationship with supplier 5 respondents didn’t answer, under the sections joint relationship effort, dedicated investments and commitment and  trust there was 1 respondent who didn’t answer the questions. Under the satisfaction section 7 answers were left blank and 2 of the questions were answered with incorrectly. Under the performance section 8 answers were left blank. The following table was designed to displaying the mean, median, mode and range. Below is the table 1 showing all the data. MEAN MEDIAN MODE RANGE 1. NO. YEARS AT COMPANY 8.738095 7 5 38 2. NO. YEARS IN CURRENT POSITION 6.629482 4 1 37 3. NO. YEARS WITH SUPPLIER 12.016 10 10 60 Table 1: Mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation The first row in the table 1 above illustrates the number of years the respondent has been with the company. This information shows that the average amount of years a respondent has been with the company is 8.738095 years, the middle frequent response was 7 years, the most frequent response was 5 years and the difference between the respondent who has been with the company the least amount of years and most amount of years is 38 years. Since the respondents have a number of years with the company it means that they are familiar with the company’s way of business, how they deal with suppliers, who all the suppliers are and also the type of relationship they have with the suppliers. The second row illustrates the number of years the respondents have been in the company. It shows that the average amount of years a respondent has been with the company is 6.629482 years, the middle frequent response was 4 years, the most frequent response was 1 year and the difference between the respondent who has been with the company the least amount of years and most amount of years is 37 years. The high number of years that some of the respondents have been in their current positions gives an indication the information given is reliable and that it will aid in answering the question at hand. The third row depicts the number of years the company has spent with the supplier. It shows that the average amount of years a respondent has been with the company is 12.016 years, the middle frequent response was 10 years, the most frequent response was 10 years and the difference between the respondent who has been with the company the least amount of years and most amount of years is 60 years. The high number of years with same supplier shows that the information collected depicts a mature relationship between the buyer and the seller. Seeing that the relationship is matured the main focus of both the buyer and the seller would then be to continue to build on the relationship so that they can be in business for even more years to come. The following chart illustrates the position of the respondents which in turn goes with the number of years the respondents have been in their current position. It shows that 5% are CEO’s, 1% COO’s, 7% directors, 10% sales manager’s or supervisors, 12% other employee’s and 48% buyer’s. The fact that such a high number of the respondents are buyers displays that the questions answered are quite accurate since they have a good understanding of the relationship with the supplier. The buyer’s best understand the relationship with the supplier and since the study at hand is looking at the collaboration of buyers and sellers, the information gathered will have a great impact in answering the given hypothesis. Figure 2: Current position Commitment and Trust Figure 3: Degree of respondents to questions about commitment and trust Description The above data represents responses pertaining to questions about commitment and trust amongst buyers and their suppliers in supply chain relationships in the clothing sector. The graph illustrates whether the buyers agree or disagree to the extent of commitment they have with their suppliers. The x-axis of the graph represents the scales between strongly disagree and strongly agree. Meanwhile, the y-axis of the graph represents the response scores of the buyers. Analysis When assessing the data, it is evident that seven hundred and forty one (741) responses were obtained in the commitment and trust section of the questionnaire. Taking a closer look at the responses, it is evident that 4% of the respondents strongly disagree that commitment and trust have a positive impact on collaboration. Meanwhile, 6% of the respondents have a neutral opinion, and 90% of the respondents strongly agree to the questions. The low 4% might have been supported by the fact that their companies are in business on a short-term basis. Thus, they do not foresee the business relationship continuing for a long time, very little investment has been injected to their relationship, thus commitment is very low. The slowly rising 6% response rate could have been due to the fact that buyers are not certain where their loyalties lie with that certain supplier. Another factor could be because they are still in early business with the supplier, so the supplier’s commitment and trust to the buyer’s company have not reached maximum levels yet. The very high response rate of 90% can be influenced by various factors. The supplier is genuinely concerned that the buyer’s company succeeds; buyers expect the business relationship to continue for a long time; the buyers are committed to their supplier; effort and investment have been made to build their relationship; they expect the relationships to strengthen over time, etc. These factors prove that these buyers support the hypotheses stated, that commitment and trust have a positive impact on collaboration. Therefore, this data proves Mohr and Spekman (1994) correct when they found that trust and commitment are of utmost importance in a buyer – seller relationship, and that these factors lead to the success of the relationship. Performance Figure 4: Degree of respondents to questions about performance Description The graph depicts the responses of clothing buyers to four questions relating to performance being a factor of a successful collaboration among buyer and seller relationships. The horizontal axis(x – axis) illustrates the Likert scale from 1 – 7 which ranges from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The vertical axis(y – axis) depicts the score, which is the cumulative responses received from the clothing buyers. The above graphical representation shows the movements of responses to a set of questions aimed at performance and just by glancing at the graph; one can already notice that most respondents (about 74%) strongly agree that performance has a positive impact on collaboration. Analysis When assessing the data it can be seen that four hundred sixteen (416) responses were received that answered this section of the questionnaire. However on a scale of 1 – 3, 12% respondents strongly disagreed with the notion of performance enhances collaboration, 14%(scale 4) were neutral and 74 %( scale 5 – 7) strongly agreed on most of the questions that had been asked. The reasons that may have led to a 12% response rate could be that the buyers never had one focal supplier or were not in a long business relationship to determine if the relationship affected the business’s overall performance. Furthermore, the 74% response rate may have led to buyers agreeing with H2: performance has a positive impact on collaboration, as their relationship with the seller may have contributed to the increased performance of the overall relationship and company. Other factors contributing to the 74% response rate might have been that the relationship, reduced cycle times, improved order processing accuracy as well as punctual delivery of goods, this in turn increased the accuracy of forecasts that may have been conducted. According to Ellinger, Daugherty &Keller (2000) performance may be conceptualized as the extent to which the firm’s goals are achieved, and as illustrated in the above graph the percentage of respondents that strongly agreed already indicates that performance aids in positive collaboration which in turn would allow firms goals to be met effectively. Joint Relationship Effort Figure 5: Degree of Respondents to questions about joint relationship effort Description The above bar graph describes the number of respondents (clothing buyers) that disagree or agree that joint relationship plays an important factor in the buyer and seller relationship in the clothing sector. Respondents had to choose between a scale of 1 till 7 by which 1 stipulates strongly disagree and 7 refers to strongly agree. Thereafter the data was grouped together according to the number of individuals that did choose between the scales of  1 till 7. Respondents were asked three questions relating to joint relationship effort. These were as follows , whether the firm and supplier has: 1) joint teams 2) conduct joint planning to anticipate and resolve operational problems and whether they make 3) joint decisions about improving overall cost efficiency. When looking at the results, one can see that 49 respondents had a neutral view regarding joint relationship and 74 of the respondents strongly agrees that joint relationship plays an important role in the buyer and seller rel ationship. Analysis When assessing the data it can be seen that 307 responses were received that answered this section of the questionnaire. However on a scale of 1-3, 25% respondents strongly disagreed with the notion of joint relationship that enhances collaboration, 16% (scale 4) were neutral and 62% (scale 5-7) strongly agrees on most of the questions that had been asked. The reason that has led to a 25% response rate can be due to buyers and suppliers does not have joint teams and thus do not plan together as a team. Therefore they do not know the benefits of having joint teams. Therefore this data show case a broad view regarding joint relationship effort as being an important variable as the graph has an upward trend. Furthermore, the response rate of 62% may have led to buyers agreeing with H4: joint relationship effort has a positive impact on collaboration, as their effort and commitment in creating joint teams and planning together might have improved collaboration between buyer and supplier. Satisfaction Figure 6: Responses to Satisfaction in the Clothing Industry Description The above graph describes the number of respondents (clothing buyers) that disagree or agree that satisfaction plays an important factor in the buyer and supplier relationship in the clothing sector. Respondents had to choose  between a scale of 1 till 7 by which 1 stipulates strongly disagree and 7 refers to strongly agree. Thereafter the data was grouped together according to the number of individuals that did choose between the scales of 1 till 7. Respondents were asked eight (8) questions relating to satisfaction. The questions were as followed: whether the buyer was satisfied with the relationship in terms of 1) coordination of activities 2) participation in decision making, 3) level of commitment 4) level of information sharing 5) management of activities 6) profitability 7) market share and 8) sales growth. When looking at the results, one can see that 153 respondents had a neutral view regarding satisfaction and 448 of the respondents strongly agrees that satisfaction plays an important role in the buyer and supplier relationship. Analysis When assessing the data it can be seen that 1508 responses were received that answered this section of the questionnaire. However on a scale of 1-3, 6% respondents strongly disagreed with the notion of satisfaction enhances collaboration, 10% (scale 4) were neutral and 84% (scale 5-7) strongly agrees on most of the questions that had been asked. The reason that led to a 6% response rate can be due to buyers and suppliers having a young business relationship and thus not reaching satisfaction levels as yet. When looking at the data, the response rate of 84% may have led buyers agreeing with H3: satisfaction has a positive impact on collaboration. This can be due to respondents identifying market share and sales growth as being two of the most important factors being satisfied by the supplier. This relates to a study done by Mohr & Spekman (1994) as they identified the completion of a task by which the involved party is pleased with the quality and degree of work carried out and it meets the standard set by the partners, market share and sales growth being the standard set by the buyer. 6. Conclusion As mentioned above the problem being researched was the knowledge gap between buyers and sellers perspective of the nature of the supply chain relationship. The research study conducted on the nature of buyer-seller  relationship in the clothing industry was a lengthy procedure that involved plentiful of consultations and analysis of the data obtained. However, we have concluded that our data findings have committed to the hypotheses mentioned in the research report. As previously mentioned time and finances were major constraints for the duration of the study hence the weak response rate of 21%. Some of the other constraints were the buyers having their own responsibilities because of the short time frame given in which to complete the survey. In addition, 50% of the buyers were reluctant to answer some of the questions as they contained confidential company information. Furthermore, the report only focused on the buyers’ perspective of the relationship. The sellers’ perspective was not taken into account therefore a future study using this report in combination with conducting a survey of the sellers’ point of view can lead to a better understanding of the buyer – seller relationship. Bibliography Cannon, J.P. Doney, P.M. 1997. An Examination of the Nature of Trust in Buyer-SellerRelationships.Journal of Marketing, April, pp.35-51. Dahlstorm, R. McNeilly, K.M. Speh, T.W. 1996. Buyer – Seller Relationships in theProcurement of Logistical Services.Journal of the Academy of MarketingScience, 24(2), pp.110–124. Disney, S., Holweg, M., Holmstrom, J. &Smaros, J. (year unkown). Supply chaincollaboration: Making sense of the strategy continuum. Ellinger, A., Daugherty, P., Keller, S., 2000. The Relationship BetweenMarketing/LogisticsInterdepartmental Integration And Performance In U.S.Manufacturing Firms: AnEmpirical Study. Journal Of Business Logistics, 21(1),pp.1-22. Handfield, R., Monczka, R., Petersen, K., &Ragatz, G., 1998. Success Factors inStrategic Supplier Alliances: The Buying Company Perspective. DecisionSciences, 29(3) pp.553-577. James, A.E. et al., 2004. An Assessment Of Supplier – Customer Relationships. JournalOf Business Logistic, 25(1), pp.25–62. Kauser, S. & Shaw, V. 2004.The influence of behavioural and organisationalcharacteristics on the success of international strategic alliances.InternationalMarketing Review.21(1): 17-52. Knemeyer, A. M., Corsi, T. M. & Murphy, P. R. 2003. Logistics outsourcing relationships:Customer perspectives. Journal of Business  Logistics.24 (1), pp.77-109. McLaren, T., Head, M. & Yuan, Y. 2002. Supply chain collaboration alternatives:Understanding the expected costs and benefits. Internet Research: Electro nicNetworking Applications and Policy. 12 (4), pp.348-364. Moberg, C. R. &Speh, T. W. 2003.Evaluating the relationship between questionablebusiness practices and the strength of supply chain relationships.Journal ofBusiness Logistics.24 (10), pp.1-19. Mohr, J. &Spekman, R. 1994. Characteristics of partnership success: Partnershipattributes, communication behaviour and conflict resolution techniques. StrategicManagementJournal.15 (1): 135-152. Simatupang, T.., Sridharan, R. 2002. The Supply Chain: A Scheme for InformationSharing and Incentive Alignment. The International Journal of LogisticsManagement.1, pp.1-32.

Porters Five Force Analysis for Paint Industry

1. Concepcion-Carrier Air Conditioning Company Formed in January 1998, Concepcion-Carrier Air Conditioning Company (CCAC) brings together two leaders in the air conditioning industry: Carrier Corporation of the United States and Concepcion Industries, Inc. of the Philippines. In just a few years, CCAC expanded from manufacturing window room air conditioners to becoming the market leader in virtually all categories of Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) equipment and services in the country. CCAC brings to the Philippine market Carrier Corporation's long tradition of innovation and product excellence.It has the Philippines' largest air conditioning facility that makes an wide range of products of outstanding quality, and is recognized by customers abroad, who source from it products proudly Philippine-made. Carrier products are designed in engineering centers and manufacturing facilities located worldwide. Spread across six continents, Carrier's global operations make it the largest manufacturer of air conditioning, heating, ventilation and refrigeration products. It is supported by a vast network of distributors, dealers, retailers, and technicians who sell, install and service Carrier products in over 170 countries.A heritage of technological innovation. Leadership in responsible environmental stewardship. Carrier Corporation and CCAC – creating environments for life. Worldwide. * Concepcion Industries, Inc is a maker of electrical appliances such as air conditioning equipment and refrigerators. The company is based in the  Philippines  and was founded in the 1960s. The company is known for its several notable brands that include  Carrier,  Condura, and  Kelvinator. * Carrier in 1902, Willis Haviland Carrier designed the world's first air-conditioning system.This single achievement made it possible for people to live, work, study, shop, travel, or play in worry-free indoor comfort. Today, Carrier continues to build on the pioneeri ng spirit of its founder. With manufacturing, sales, and service operations in more than 170 countries, Carrier is the world's leading heating, ventilation and air-conditioning company. It leads in developing a constantly growing array of innovative products – all designed to meet the exacting needs of its customers around the world, while leading the rest of the industry in forging higher standards of stewardship over the environment. . Panasonic Manufacturing Philippines Corporation (PMPC) A manufacturer, importer and distributor of electronic, electrical, mechanical, electro-mechanical appliances, other types of machines, parts and components, battery and related products bearing the brand name, â€Å"Panasonic†. At present, the primary products manufactured by PMPC are refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, electric fans, dry cell batteries and flashlights.Consequently, through its sales division, Panasonic Philippines (PPh), PMPC Continually strives to expand its sales, service and distribution networks to make Panasonic products and service conveniently available to its consumers. In October 2003, PMPC ceased using â€Å"National† Brand and Unified the branding of all its products under the Panasonic brand. PMPC, formerly known as Matsushita Electric Philippines Corporation, changed its corporate name to Panasonic Manufacturing Philippines Corporation and officially started using it on April 1, 2005 along with its continuing commitment to customer satisfaction and service to society.Since an enterprise uses society's resources – people, capital, real estate, community services – PMPC believes that it started out and remains indebted to society. Along this premise, the company recognizes that the primary role of its business is to serve society in return for the use of its resources and thus devotes its business activities to the progress and development of society and the well being of the people. This commi tment serves as guidance for PMPC in carrying out its operation and corporate activities. 3. Koppel, Inc. 957 marked the year when the company started manufacturing splits and packaged type air-conditioners. The years that ensued saw Koppel as the preferred brand of choice among industry consultants and the undisputed market leader in the industry. The company continued its growth and maximized its sales volume, growing its products and improving its services, making Koppel the by-word in all air conditioning requirements across the country. In January 2000, Koppel was acquired from Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) by Fedders Corporation.By then, the company has expanded its product line-up to include not just the commercial and industrial segments, but to tap the growing retail market through  residential air conditioners. Last September 2008, the company has been acquired by KPL Inc. , a local company which is keen on tapping the dynamic aircon market. As Koppel, Inc. , the company is fo cused in strengthening its core competency in the packaged business and advancing its technological capability by sourcing strategic products in the projects and industrial applications.To date, Koppel is the second largest aircon manufacturer in the Philippines, servicing aircon requirements across the country for over 50 years. Its rich heritage in providing high-quality and reliable aircon products is a testament to Koppel’s commitment to service all its customers nationwide, from its centrally-located office in Paranaque to its full-service branch  offices  in Cebu and Davao. For 2009, Koppel, Inc. has expanded its product range to include eco-friendly products that dramatically reduce our  energy consumption.The company continues to challenge itself with ways to help reduce our  carbon footprints and in the long run, protect our fragile environment. 4. Hitachi Air Conditioning Philippines, Inc. Established on March 02, 2000 with a capital fund of 20,285,000 pesos . Mainly engage on the manufacture and sale on wholesale basis of Home Appliances and air conditioners. nvestment for Hitachi Air Conditioning Sales is 85% financed by Taiwan Hitachi Co. ,Ltd. and 15% by Hitachi Life and Solutions, Inc. Hitachi Air Conditioning Sales (Phils. ) Inc. ells air conditioning products like the Self-Contained Air Conditioners,Air-cooling Chiller Unit, Room Air Conditioners, Packaged Air Conditioner,Fan Coil Unit, and Dehumidifier, washing machines and refrigerators which are distributed in the domestic market. The merger between the two companies, Taiwan Hitachi (Subic), Inc. and Hitachi Air Conditioning Sales (Phils. ), gave way to better opportunities for Hitachi air conditioning products and home appliances to be introduced to a wider range in the market both domestic and global. . KOLIN Philippines International, Inc. A consistent major player in the industry, that is committed to produce, innovate, and distribute world class home appliances and servic e, molded by competence and dedication to quality after-sales-service, guided by moral and ethical business principle. Contributes to the development, growth and upliftment of the welfare of its employees, shareholders, customers and suppliers. Genuinely committed in supporting community endeavors in the preservation of the environment.

10 High-Paying Vocational Jobs to Consider

10 High-Paying Vocational Jobs to Consider Education is very important and is instrumental towards furthering your career. But that doesn’t mean you have to complete a traditional four-year degree to find job satisfaction and career success. Here are 10 of the highest paying vocational careers- most of which require only an associate’s degree, or some certification or degree from a technical school. If any of these sing to you, you might be able to bring home a good deal of bacon without having to go get an expensive and time-consuming bachelor’s degree. So think about looking outside the traditional box and expanding your earning potential- and getting a leg up on all of those Humanities majors who are working in retail and underemployed!1. Electrical RepairmanMaintain and repair electronics and electrical equipment in both household settings and at companies, and make a median annual salary of over $57k.2. Commercial PilotEver wonder what it’s like to fly planes? This job requires a bunch of hard work and training- FAA accredited flight school certification in addition to your associate’s- but the paycheck speaks for itself. The median annual salary is well over $57k, and you’ll see nothing but blue skies ahead! Fly passengers or cargo. Plus, the benefits are great!3. Nuclear Medicine TechnologistYou’ll need a specialized associate’s degree in nuclear medicine, but you can earn over $62k per year (median salary) working alongside radiologists or physicians.4. Fashion DesignerHave an eye for fashion? Talent with a sewing machine? Get your associate’s or some specialized training at a fashion school and you could net a median annual salary of over $62k.5. PlumberThis noble career is always in high demand. The median annual pay is around $50k, but top paid plumbers can make almost $90k. There’s also great growth in this field- about 12%.6. Dental HygienistYou need very little schooling to make an annual median salary of over $72k clean ing teeth, educating patients, and assisting dentists. And with a growth rate of 19%? No brainer.7. Registered NurseRegistered nurses are always in demand. With only an associate’s degree, you can help provide essential care for patients in any number of health care settings. And you can make median salary over $67k- but top earners can make over $101k.8. Nuclear TechnicianWith an associate’s degree in applied sciences, you can make up to $65,500 in median annual pay managing and operating equipment in the nuclear power field.9. Computer SpecialistGood with computers? Take your associate’s degree- or simply some specialized training at a technical school- and put your skills to work fixing and managing hardware, software, and other systems. The more skills you have, the more companies you’ll appeal to! And the median annual salary is over $68k.10. Web DeveloperIf you have, or think you might have, a knack for building websites- an eye for design and good skill with computer software- then you might do well as a web developer. Median pay is nearly $65k per year, but top pay can be over $116k. And the growth rate is an insane 27%.

Maybe You Can Learn to Say Maybe in Spanish

Maybe You Can Learn to Say Maybe in Spanish Spanish has several ways of saying maybe, perhaps, or possibly. Most of the expressions of possibility are frequently used with a verb in the subjunctive mood. Uses of Quizs  or Talvez to Express Possibility Quizs or, as it is also spelled, quiz, is typically used with verbs in the subjunctive mood, although it is not unusual to hear it used with a verb in the indicative mood. Quiz(s) can be used interchangeably with ​talvez, also spelled tal vez. These words are typically placed at the beginning of sentences.   Puede  que, literally meaning it can be when it is the subject of a sentence, is an alternative phrase for expressing possibility. It is normally followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. Spanish Sentence English Translation Quizs te cases, o quizs no. Perhaps you will get married, or perhaps not. Quiz en otra vida t y yo fuimos amantes. Perhaps in another life you and I were lovers. Quizs ms tarde. Perhaps later. Quiz no venga nadie. Maybe nobody will come. Talvez yo te pueda ayudar. Perhaps I can help you. Tal vez maana sea solo un recuerdo. Perhaps tomorrow will be only a memory. Tal vez no pensaron en esto. Maybe they didnt think about it. Puede que debas cambiar por otro medicamento. Perhaps you ought to switch to another medication. Su plan dental puede que no cubra el costo total de su cuenta. Your dental plan maybe wont cover the total cost of your account. Puede que estemos equivocados. Perhaps we are mistaken. Using Posible The Spanish adjective  posible, meaning possible, can be used to form the adverb  posiblemente, and  can be used in much the same way as  quizs and tal vez, although it is less common than its English counterpart, possibly.   Es posible que, literally meaning it is possible that, can also be used as an alternative to one of the other ways of expressing possibility, and in standard Spanish, it is followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. Like the English phrase it stands for, es  posible  que often expresses a greater degree of doubt than maybe. For example, Es posible que hoy te vea  translates to, It is possible I will see you today. Spanish Sentence English Translation Posiblemente Cuba no participar en campeonato. Maybe Cuba wont participate in the championship. Posiblemente sea mi imaginacin. It could be my imagination. Si presenta sntomas en primavera, posiblemente sea alrgico al polen. If symptoms appear in the spring, you may be allergic to pollen. Colloquial Way of Expressing Possibility A lo mejor is a more colloquial way to express possibility than quiz and tal vez. Although its literal translation is at what is best, it isnt used that way.  Do  not use the subjunctive mood with a lo mejor. Spanish Sentence English Translation A lo mejor soy imbcil. Perhaps I am stupid. Hay tres cosas que a lo mejor no sabes de m. There are three things that perhaps you dont know about me. A lo mejor nos estn haciendo un favor. Maybe they are doing us a favor.

Economic issues for a country in Africa Annotated Bibliography

Economic issues for a country in Africa - Annotated Bibliography Example They further stated that the nation’s credit ratings have been decreased by both S&P and Moody’s rating agencies and this has happened for the first time since the apartheid ended. S&P stated that they have decreased their ratings as a feedback to the strikes and the uncertainty of the political conditions of South Africa. The article further asserts that a huge part of the workforce and in accordance to the findings of the Deutsche Bank, 30% of the total mining workers are at strike. The Bank has even made a calculation of decline in the GDP that is targeted to decline by 2.5% if the strikes continue. The mining industry happens to be the backbone of South Africa and it is a huge producer and exporter of minerals such as palladium and platinum. These strikes pose a very significant issue to the economy of South Africa as the 50% of the exports gained by South Africa are backed by mining industry. These strikes are not only impacting the nation in a negative manner, the effect has been experienced by nations that import minerals from South Africa as an example of Anglo American company has been stated that has experienced reduction in production as a result of these strikes. South Africa’s strikes in the mining sector has increased concerns for people all over the world as these strikes have entered different areas of mining such as coal, gold and metal. The most interesting point of this article is that issues that are caused in one nation do not only impact the nation in a negative manner, they even impact other nations around the globe. For example: in this article the strikes conducted by the South African miners have negatively impacted industries that acquire minerals and commodities from South Africa. If the South African strikes continue to exist, they will not only impact the South African economy, they will

Protest & Reform - Protest Songs From the Civil Rights Movement Essay

Protest & Reform - Protest Songs From the Civil Rights Movement - Essay Example One person might start humming a tune and ultimately those who heard it would join in, spreading the music across the multitude of people gathered. The leaders of the Civil Rights Movement inspired many of the lyrics used in the existing gospel songs. King found many of his words from the speeches he had delivered incorporated into the music. When King explained to a group of individuals that he had woke that morning with freedom on his mind, he was later quoted in a gospel song that had been altered to reflect his comments. The message that he had delivered during his speech had been set to music and circulated throughout the communities. King’s oration â€Å"I Have A Dream† (Dlugan, 2009) may have been the inspiration for other songs that promoted the message of freedom. The songs that were used in the Civil Rights Movement stem from Negro Gospel Music. Tunes were jazzed up and lyrics were changed to accommodate the situation. By changing a few words to well-known songs, everyone could participate in a congregational setting and sing in unison at any event. While all of the songs are still sung in worship services across the United States, some of the Civil Rights lyrics have made it into Choral groups and been performed for various audiences by both children and adult groups. The following list of songs were frequently sung during the Civil Rights Era: The number of songs used during the Civil Rights Movement were not limited to just these titles. Many other songs were created to capture the attention of the media, promote unity, and create a cohesion between all individuals supporting the Civil Rights Movement. Depending on the situation or event, the song chosen was often determined by an individual in the congregation. One such event found all the prisoners at a jail singing â€Å"Hold On† and they were joined by others who heard and recognized the music. The lyrics to several of the

Competitive Antagonism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Competitive Antagonism - Essay Example Here, ACh is the agonist of muscarinic receptors. Mechanism of smooth muscle contraction – When ACh stimulates the G-protein coupled muscarinic receptors, a conformational change occurs, leading to the activation of the G-protein. The activated G-protein activates the intracellular enzyme, PLC (phospholipase C). This enzyme in turn hydrolyses PI(4,5)P2 (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate). This hydrolysis results in the production of two compounds – DAG (diacylglycerol) and IP3 (inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate). IP3 is soluble and diffuses through the cytosol. It binds to receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum resulting in the release of calcium ions (Ca2+) from the intracellular stores. The rise in intracellular calcium ions results in contraction of the smooth muscle. This happens when the intracellular calcium ions bind to calmodulin and activate it. Activation of calmodulin results in activation of the myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) enzyme by the calcium-calmodulin complex, which then catalyzes the transfer of ph osphate group from ATP to myosin cross bridges. The phosphorylated myosin cross bridges then interact with actin, causing shortening of the fiber. This results in muscle contraction. The cross-bridge cycle is powered by ATP. Second messenger involved - IP3 (inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate) is the second messenger, as it relays the signal from outside the cell to the inside, resulting in the release of calcium ions that cause muscle contraction. Acetylcholine (ACh) and adrenaline (Ad) are two agonists whose actions are independent of one another and result in opposite effects. Ad brings about the relaxation of pre-contracted smooth muscle by acting via the G-protein coupled ÃŽ ²-adrenergic receptors on the cells. Mechanism of Ad induced relaxation of pre-contracted smooth muscle – Ad binds to the G-protein linked ÃŽ ²-adrenergic receptor causing a conformational change in the G-protein. This activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase.

Punishment And Rehabilitation In The Community Criminology Essay

Punishment And Rehabilitation In The Community Criminology Essay Critically evaluate the use of the prison as a sentence of the court in England and Wales over the last 20 years. The 1990s witnessed a sharp rise in the politicization and in the severity of sentencing policy (Maguire et al, 2007). Since the 1990s legislation has been heavily criticised, this saw the abandonment of key pillars, yet the rise of others. Therefore, The Criminal Justice Act as somewhat revolutionised bringing forward newer legislation over the years that have impacted on the way sentences are used. The change in government from Conservative to New Labour also saw a bewildered mixture of new polices, which have contributed and influenced the use of the prison. Since the post war years the prison population began to expand, which led to a sense of crisis for the government from two perspectives. The first was in terms of social control. The significant and rapidly rising prison population had the potential to be perceived as a breakdown in social order. The other area of concern was due to the expanding prison population and the increase in expenditure. At the time the government were trying to reduce expenditure and instigate new community sentences to limit the number of offenders who actually went to prison. Consequently, there have been many theorists who have attempted to structure the criminal justice system. There have also been new ideologies for how the prison should be used as a sentence. By analysing the use of the prison it will help to define contemporary prisons in western societies, not least since there is considerable consensus that the penal system in England and Wales has been in a state of ever deepening crisis since the 1960s (Maguire et al, 2007). Statistics show a major increase in the prison population. In 1989 the prison population was 48,600 throughout the year and in 2008 the prison population increased to 83,190. Crime measured by the British Crime Survey (BCS) fell from 18.5 million offences in 1993 to 11.7 million by 2003/04. BCS crime fell by around a third in England and Wales at the same time as the prison population increased by two-thirds (Home Office 2008). These statistics suggest that the use of the prison has been very effective by how recorded crime rates have fell over the years and that the number of offenders going to prison as increased. However, it strikes controversy due to the increase in prison populations. In 1997, Labour had created 16,000 more prison places when the Government were trying to reduce expenditure in that area. The lead up to the 1991 Criminal Justice Act witnessed a shift in penal policy. The ongoing concerns of ever growing prison numbers accompanied a widespread disenchantment with the rehabilitative ideal and concerns were raised about the matching of sentences to offenders rather than the crime (Brownlee 1998). The conservative government had issued major changes to the sentencing framework influenced by retributivist theory and the concept of just deserts where offenders were punished in proportion to the crimes they had committed. Also the 1990 white paper, Crime, Justice and Protecting the Public introduced new legislation in the criminal justice system. Now, Community sentences could be used as alternatives rather than the use of imprisonment. Home Office (1990) also claimed a more consistent approach to sentencing so that criminals get there just deserts. The central aims of sentencing were just desserts and proportional sentences; however, deterrence was demoted as a sentence. This criticism was made of the 1991 Act and 1993 Act as there was an unworkable hybrid sentencing framework. The Criminal Justice Act 1991 was clear that the main sentencing decision was to calculate offence seriousness and a proportionate (commensurate) sentence. Prison therefore, was used to keep people in custody by the seriousness of the offence (Easton et al, 2005). Consequently, the use of the prison had changed by acknowledging the seriousness of the offence, whereas before anybody who committed a crime would just go to prison. Thus, somebody convicted with murder would go to prison, whereas somebody who was vandalising would more likely pay a fine or have a community sentence depending on the circumstances. This significant piece of legislation appeared to pave the way for community sentences, and indeed the Probation Service to play a central role in criminal justice policy. Courts were now guided by seriousness thresholds, which required them to justify why a sentence was either serious enough for a community penalty, or so serious that only a custodial sentence could be warranted (Cavadino Dignan 2002). By 1993 however the incoming Home Secretary made it clear that he was an advocate of custodial measures for offenders in his statement Prison Works. The 1993 Criminal Justice Act rescinded on some of the positive aspects of the earlier 1991 Act, and marked a resurrection of law and order rhetoric in determining criminal justice policy. By 1995 in the Green Paper Strengthening Punishment in the Community, despite the considerable changes brought about to community sentences by the 1991 Criminal Justice Act, the claim was made that probation supervision was still regarded as a soft option. The subsequent White Paper Protecting the Public clearly emphasised the need for community sentences to have a punitive rather than rehabilitative focus, and called upon these sentences to be physically, mentally or emotionally challenging with a stress on personal responsibility and discipline. The rapid increase in the prison population and the numbers sent to prison represented a radical break with the virtual stability of previous decades. Even so, two considerations should be borne in mind before attributing the total responsibility for the increase in prison population solely to Michael Howard. First there is some evidence that public opinion took a more punitive turn in the 1990s, which might explain why the anticipated public outcry against Howards policies was so muted, and why the mass media were largely supportive of these policies (Hough, 1996). Ryan (2002) also argued that a series of moral panics was manipulated by politicians to win the support of voters for a tougher law and order platform. Populist Punitiveness had a major effect on legislation because it became central to the concerns of the general public and there responses to crime. A synopsis of the 1991 and 1993 Criminal Justice Act highlight the use of the prison by how serious the crime is. The prison is used to confiscate liberty and by 1993 and the use of community sentences made it more definable by the level of crime committed by using seriousness thresholds. However, by 1995 they recognised that the probation service was to soft and needed amendments. The use of the prison was now seen as a last resort or for very serious offences. In addition, public opinion had a major influence on crime, which is argued one of the reasons why the prison population is said to be so high due to the publics view and fear of crime. In May 1997, the Conservative Party was ejected from power as Labour; Led by Tony Blair enjoyed a landslide victory. Tony Blair, thought to alter Labour to New Labour, and one of the ways he did this was through public image by becoming tough on crime (Mathews 1999). Labour introduced a various amount of legislation, which led to the circulation of community penalties. This was evident in the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act, which created the Drug Treatment Testing Order, and the 2000 Criminal Justice and Court Services Act. This brought about the Probation Order, Community Service Order and the Combination Order. Two further sentences were also created that are the Exclusion Order and the Drug Abstinence Order. However, the Drug Abstinence Order was later abandoned as it was proved unworkable; this could be due to Populist Punitivism. The conservative government have a right wing approach, whereas New Labour comes from the left. This however, had little effect for the use of the prison as labour emphasised on the conservative approach to crime and made it stronger. Although there was new legislation that gave the court more power and options over the offender, prison numbers continued to rise. This was also apparent when David Blunkett became Home Secretary as the prison population started to rapidly grow months after (Guardian 2001). In 2001, the prison crisis of over crowding, and the fiscal problems were highlighted again, which resulted in new legislation from results drawn from the Halliday Report. The review was born out of a belief that the present sentencing framework suffers from serious deficiencies that reduce its contributions to crime reduction and public confidence (Halliday 2001). The report highlighted key limitations and suggested new approaches to strengthen the criminal justice system. One of the highlighted problems was the short prison sentences of less than 12 months and that they had no effect on the offender. It was also noted that persistent offenders do not appear to receive significantly longer prison sentences. Halliday (2001) shows that in a sample of male offenders aged over 18 and sentenced in1998, the average sentence for burglary for an offender with 10 or more previous convictions was only 4 months more than somebody with no convictions. The Halliday Report led to the White Paper in 2002, Justice For All, which sets out the Governments far reaching proposals for the reform of the criminal justice system and resulted in the 2003 Criminal Justice Act. The Halliday Report noted that just deserts and the punishment fitting the crime are key features of the statutory framework set up in 1991 and that there is nothing wrong with this in itself. However the report now focuses on three tiers of seriousness established by the Act: fines, community punishment and custody (Easton, 2005). This created a new framework and therefore saw the collapse of just deserts. Instead of focusing on just how serious the crime was for punishment, the court now had power to punish the offender in many of different ways depending on the offence. From the 2001 Halliday Report and the 2002 White Paper the new findings created a new framework to sentences. The Act clearly sets out the purposes of sentencing, which include retributive, deterrence and reductive, reform rehabilitation, public protection, and reparation, (Criminal Justice Act 2003). The Halliday Report also influenced the new legislation in 2003 by identifying a gap in the sentencing framework. The Act replaced all the adult community sentences with a generic community sentence. This allowed the courts to attach requirements to this community sentence from a number of options; supervision, unpaid work, activities, prohibited activities, accredited programmes, curfew, exclusion, residence, mental health treatment, drug rehabilitation, alcohol treatment, attendance centre (for under 25 yr olds) (Criminal Justice Act 2003). The Criminal Justice Act 2003 also introduced a number of other measures such as Conditional Cautions, Strengthened deferment of sentence to include an element of probation supervision, Custody Plus, Intermittent Custody, new Suspended Sentence Order; however, these measures show unclear boundaries between community and custodial penalties. Thus, the argument against this is whether the courts will favour a custody followed by a rehabilitative sentence and that they will become more popular, which will help reduce overcrowding. Faulkner (2002) prior to the 2003 Criminal Justice Act urged caution in seeing the introduction of a new sentencing framework as the answer to addressing crime. He states that: If the new sentences are to contribute to reduced rates of crime or re-offending, they will at the very least have to be applied in the context of a prison system which is no longer distracted by overcrowding, of a well-resourced and innovative National Probation Service. This may sugge st that there is a covert meaning under the new framework for the use of imprisonment. By utilising community sentences it is thought that this will free prison space, which will stop over crowding and make punishment worth while. However, statistics show far greater use is being made of the prison and probation service because in 1996, 85,000 offenders were given a custodial sentence and 133,000 were given a community sentence. By 2001, both had increased by 25 per cent, with 107,000 offenders given a custodial sentence and 166,000 offenders receiving a community sentence (reference). The use of the prison as changed significantly over the years, with a major influence from the change in government and the change in the sentencing framework. Originally, the prison was used for any type of crime but due to over crowding the government came to recognise that the prison should be used for the more serious offences and introduced the community service for petty crimes. Community service was perceived to free up prison space and the fiscal crisis, however the prison population kept expanding over the years. This could be due to the numbers of offenders caught and sentenced as police powers had expanded or the increase in the overall seriousness of the crimes brought to justice or the increase in the sentence severity for specific offences. New legislation allowed the courts to have an option, however, this soon expanded focusing more on community services using the prison as the last resort. Nobody wants to go to prison; therefore by issuing a community service it is g iving them a strong warning using the prison as the most feared punishment. Individuals who then break the community service punishment will then be sent to prison. A new Act came Criminal justice and immigration act 2008 brought forward the release date of prisoners serving sentences greater than 4 years imposed before 4 April 2005. It did not apply to prisoners serving life sentences or serving sentences for violent or sexual offences. This section came into force on 9 June 2008. This was in order to alleviate prison overcrowding. prisons are for suspects refused bail and detained before trial, or convicted but not yet sentenced, are held in custody to ensure that the course of justice proceeds to its conclusion and that everyone concerned is protected against the likelihood of harm in the interim. The system needs to ensure that the increased investment in prison and probation is targeted effectively to reduce crime and maintain public confidence. The use of prison and probation has increased by over a quarter since 1996, even though the number of people arrested and sentenced has remained broadly constant. The growth is due to the increased severity of sentences, which is linked to the fall in the use of fines. terrorists #3 strikes mandatory life sentence 2003